ห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด าน ความปลอดภ ย

Transcription

1 มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม THAI INDUSTRIAL STANDARD มอก ห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด าน ความปลอดภ ย MEDICAL LABORATORIES REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY สำน กงานมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม กระทรวงอ ตสาหกรรม ICS ISBN

2 มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม ห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด าน ความปลอดภ ย มอก สำน กงานมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม กระทรวงอ ตสาหกรรม ถนนพระรามท 6 กร งเทพฯ โทรศ พท ประกาศในราชก จจาน เบกษา ฉบ บประกาศและงานท วไป เล ม 123 ตอนท 83ง ว นท 24 ส งหาคม พ ทธศ กราช 2549

3 เน องจากการทำงานในห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ผ ทำการทดสอบอาจได ร บอ นตรายขณะทำการทดสอบ ได แก การต ดเช อ ความไม เหมาะสมของห องปฏ บ ต การ อ ปกรณ เคร องใช ต างๆ รวมถ งการขาดความเข าใจในหล กการด าน ความปลอดภ ย จ งกำหนดมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด านความ ปลอดภ ย ข น มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมน กำหนดข นโดยร บ Medical laboratories - Requirements for safety มาใช ในระด บเหม อนก นท กประการ (identical) โดยใช ISO ฉบ บภาษาอ งกฤษ เป นหล ก มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมน กำหนดข นเพ อให ท นก บความต องการของผ ใช และจ กได แปลเป นภาษาไทยในโอกาสอ น สมควร หากม ข อสงส ยโปรดต ดต อสอบถามท สำน กงานมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม คณะกรรมการมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมได พ จารณามาตรฐานน แล ว เห นสมควรเสนอร ฐมนตร ประกาศตาม มาตรา 15 แห งพระราชบ ญญ ต มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม พ.ศ (3)

4 ประกาศกระทรวงอ ตสาหกรรม ฉบ บท 3495 ( พ.ศ ) ออกตามความในพระราชบ ญญ ต มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม พ.ศ เร อง กำหนดมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม ห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด านความปลอดภ ย อาศ ยอำนาจตามความในมาตรา 15 แห งพระราชบ ญญ ต มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม พ.ศ ร ฐมนตร ว าการกระทรวงอ ตสาหกรรมออกประกาศกำหนดมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม ห องปฏ บ ต การ ทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด านความปลอดภ ย มาตรฐานเลขท มอก ไว ด งม รายการละเอ ยดต อท าย ประกาศน ประกาศ ณ ว นท 26 เมษายน พ.ศ ส ร ยะ จ งร งเร องก จ ร ฐมนตร ว าการกระทรวงอ ตสาหกรรม (5)

5 มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรม มอก ห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย ข อกำหนดด าน ความปลอดภ ย บทนำ มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมน กำหนดข นโดยร บ Laboratory medicine - Requirements for safety มาใช ในระด บเหม อนก นท กประการ (identical) โดยใช ISO ฉบ บภาษาอ งกฤษ เป นหล ก ขอบข าย มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมน ระบ ข อกำหนดด านความปลอดภ ยของห องปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย เอกสารอ างอ ง มอก มาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมข อกำหนดเฉพาะด านค ณภาพและข ดความสามารถของห อง ปฏ บ ต การทางการแพทย คำศ พท และบทน ยาม ความหมายของคำท ใช ในมาตรฐานผล ตภ ณฑ อ ตสาหกรรมน ให เป นไปตาม ข อ 3 การจำแนกกล มความเส ยง รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 4 ข อกำหนดระบบการบร หารจ ดการ รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 5 การออกแบบเพ อความปลอดภ ย รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 6 พน กงาน ข นตอนการปฏ บ ต งาน การควบค มเอกสาร การตรวจสอบและบ นท ก รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 7 1

6 การช บ งอ นตราย รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 8 การรายงานอ บ ต การ การบาดเจ บ อ บ ต เหต และความเจ บป วยจากอาช พ รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 9 การฝ กอบรม รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 10 ความร บผ ดชอบของบ คลากร รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 11 เคร องน งห มและอ ปกรณ ป องก นภ ยส วนบ คคล รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 12 ข อปฏ บ ต ท ด ในการควบค มด แลอาคาร รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 13 ข อปฏ บ ต ในการทำงานให ปลอดภ ย รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 14 ละอองลอย รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 15 ต ท ให ความปลอดภ ยด านจ ลช วว ทยา ต ท ให ความปลอดภ ยด านเคม รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 16 ความปลอดภ ยเม อทำงานก บสารเคม รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 17 ความปลอดภ ยเม อทำงานด านร งส รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 18 2

7 การป องก นอ คค ภ ย รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 19 การอพยพฉ กเฉ น รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 20 อ ปกรณ ท ต องใช ไฟฟ า รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 21 การขนส งต วอย าง รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 22 การกำจ ดของเส ย รายละเอ ยดให เป นไปตามมาตรฐาน ข อ 23 3

8 Medical laboratories Requirements for safety 1 Scope This International Standard specifies requirements for safe practices in the medical laboratory. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 15189:2003, Medical laboratories Particular requirements for quality and competence 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO and the following apply. 3.1 aerosols system of particles dispersed in a gas, smoke, or fog 3.2 antisepsis method for avoiding infection in a wound or during a clinical procedure by the use of a chemical agent such as an antiseptic [BS ] 3.3 antiseptic chemical germicide formulated to be used on skin or tissue 3.4 biological agent any microorganism, including those which have been genetically modified, cell cultures and human endoparasites, which may be able to provoke any infection, allergy or toxicity NOTE For classification of biological agents into risk groups, see Clause cleaning process to remove any type of contamination, visible or not 3.6 control of infection plan set of procedures to be used to limit spread of infection in either a hospital or a laboratory 4

9 3.7 decontamination procedure that eliminates or reduces microbial or toxic agents to a safe level with respect to the transmission of infection or other adverse effects 3.8 disinfectant agent capable of causing disinfection [BS ] 3.9 disinfection process to reduce the number of microorganisms, but not usually of bacterial spores, without necessarily killing or removing all organisms 3.10 ergonomics study of the efficiency of persons in their working environment NOTE This term includes biomechanics, work physiology, anthropomorphy and man-machine interfaces extraction hood fume hood cabinet or cover above a laboratory device for the extraction of air or fumes which prevents their general circulation 3.12 hazard potential source of harm [IEC :2001] 3.13 hazardous waste waste that is potentially flammable, combustible, ignitable, corrosive, toxic, reactive, or injurious to people or the environment 3.14 material safety data sheet MSDS technical bulletin providing detailed hazard and precautionary information 3.15 microbiological safety cabinet MSC biological safety cabinet ventilated enclosure, intended to offer protection to the user and the environment from the aerosols arising from handling of potentially hazardous and hazardous microorganisms, with means for filtering air discharged to the atmosphere NOTE Adapted from EN 12469: microorganism microbiological entity, cellular or non-cellular, capable of replication or of transferring genetic material 5

10 3.17 noise unwanted sound in the form of acoustic energy which may adversely affect health 3.18 personal protective equipment material, including clothing, used to prevent contamination of a person by chemical or biological matter 3.19 radionuclide natural or synthetically produced unstable nucleus of an atom that emits ionizing radiation 3.20 risk combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm 3.21 safety hood covering over a medical laboratory workplace or device intended to reduce risk to a laboratory worker 3.22 spill kit set of equipment used for the removal of chemical or microbiological material from a laboratory surface or apparatus 3.23 splash guard device used to prevent personal contamination by a liquid 3.24 sterilization validated process used to render a product free from microorganisms 3.25 technical area space in a medical laboratory allocated for the preparation or examination of samples 3.26 tissue any coherent collection of animal or plant specialized cells 4 Risk group classification Biological agents are classified into four risk groups: a) Risk Group I (low individual and community risk) This group includes those microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites which are unlikely to cause disease in healthy workers or animals (e.g. non-pathogenic biological agents). b) Risk Group II (moderate individual risk, limited community risk) This group includes pathogens that can cause human or animal disease, but under normal circumstances are unlikely to be a serious hazard to healthy laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes). Laboratory exposures rarely cause infection leading to serious disease; effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread is limited. 6

11 c) Risk Group III (high individual risk, low community risk) This group includes pathogens that usually cause serious human or animal disease, or which can result in serious economic consequences but do not ordinarily spread by casual contact from one individual to another, or that can be treated by antimicrobial or antiparasitic agents (e.g. Salmonella typhi, prion). d) Risk Group IV (high individual risk, high community risk) This group includes pathogens that usually produce very serious human or animal disease, often untreatable, and may be readily transmitted from one individual to another, or from animal to human or vice-versa, directly or indirectly, or by casual contact (e.g. smallpox virus). Medical laboratories dealing with Risk Groups III and IV infectious agents will need to meet additional requirements to ensure safety. NOTE In Europe, Risk Groups I, II, III and IV are termed Hazard Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4. For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms may be considered interchangeable and local usage will determine the actual terminology required. Risk Groups II, III and IV may also be termed pathogens or infectious agents. 5 Management requirements 5.1 Management responsibilities Laboratory management shall have responsibility for the safety of all employees and visitors to the laboratory. The ultimate responsibility shall rest with the laboratory director or a named person of equivalent standing. 5.2 Management of staff health All personnel shall have documented evidence of training related to potential risks associated with working with any medical (clinical) laboratory facility. All personnel should be advised to inform their family doctor/personal physician that they work in a medical laboratory. All personnel should be strongly encouraged to have immunizations to prevent infections associated with organisms to which the person is likely to be exposed. For example, all personnel working with or handling human blood, sera, body fluids or human tissue should be offered hepatitis B vaccine. Records of immunizations should be kept in accordance with ISO Designing for safety 6.1 Preliminary considerations When new construction is being considered, or where a laboratory is already established and structural changes are proposed, appropriate national and local building regulations and building codes containing specific architectural safety standards for laboratories shall be followed. No structural or engineering work shall be undertaken without the appropriate permission being given by the laboratory director or his/her nominated representative. NOTE International and national standards bodies are sources of helpful information. 6.2 General design requirements Laboratories shall be designed to ensure that containment of microbiological, chemical, radiological and physical hazards is appropriate to the level of assessed risks in technical work areas, and provides a safe working environment in associated office areas and adjoining public space to limit risk to the surrounding community. Corridors and passages to the exits shall be clear of obstructions. 7

12 The laboratory should be designed to ensure a clear separation of phlebotomy facilities where they are included in the laboratory area, sample reception, administrative and analytical areas. Each area should have environmental controls and facilities, furnishings, work surfaces and floor finishes appropriate to the activity being performed there. There should be sufficient unobstructed space for safe working, including adequate space around large pieces of equipment for maintenance personnel. There should be suitable and adequate designated spaces, proximal to, but safely separated from, laboratory working space for the safe and secure storage of samples, chemicals, records, and for rubbish or designated laboratory waste prior to disposal. Dedicated handwashing sinks should be fixed within all areas where biological materials are handled. Wherever possible, hand-operated sink handles should be replaced with motion-, elbow-, knee- or footoperated equipment. Sinks installed for hand washing in areas where biological materials are handled should have unimpeded drainage (i.e. no stoppers in the basin) and the temperature of the hot water supplied should be such that hands can be held comfortably in the water flow. A water temperature of 45 C is recommended. NOTE If taps (faucets) are hand-operated, it is good practice to turn them on using a paper towel or similar material to avoid hand contamination. In designing the air-circulating system for the medical laboratory, effective separation between contaminated areas should be considered. Each area should have an individual air-circulating system. 6.3 Physical conditions Lighting Laboratories shall be illuminated naturally or artificially to a level that is optimal for safe working. Glare and distracting reflections should be minimized Temperature Any equipment generating excessive heat or chill shall be isolated from the general workspace. Personal protective equipment, including thermal protective gloves and appropriate clothing, shall be provided to allow for personnel safety and comfort. Ambient temperature in laboratories should be controlled as far as possible to a level compatible with laboratory worker comfort Ventilation Any equipment with the potential to generate exhaust fumes or emit excessive heat, steam, odour or toxicity shall be isolated from the general workspace and placed under a suitable extraction hood. If such arrangements are not possible, special arrangements for worker comfort shall be provided. Local natural or mechanical ventilation is advised where unpleasant or nauseous odours could arise from certain manual processes. Ambient humidity and changes of air in laboratories should be made compatible with laboratory worker comfort and safety. Air flowrates should be monitored regularly to ensure adequate ventilation and should be engineered to avoid dispersion of potentially infectious agents and toxic fumes. Ventilation ducts should be isolated from the general workspace in order to avoid dispersion or airborne infectious agents or smells in the rest of the workplace. 8

13 6.3.4 Noise Excessive noise levels shall be avoided within the laboratory workspace. Selection and location of equipment shall take account of individual pieces of equipment and their contribution to the cumulative noise levels in the work place. Steps shall be taken to minimize or attenuate noise generation Ergonomic factors Laboratory activity, workspace and equipment (e.g. chairs, laboratory workstations, computer keyboards and displays), as well as vibration-producing and ultrasonic equipment, etc., shall be designed or positioned to reduce the risks of ergonomic distress disorders and accidents Design for working with viable pathogens All laboratories working with viable biological agents shall have design characteristics appropriate to the containment of microorganisms of moderate to high risk to the individual. Laboratories designed to work with organisms of Risk Group III or above shall include design characteristics for greater containment Door signs Laboratories shall be identified at each entrance and exit point, with emergency exits marked so as to distinguish them from normal exits. Signs at each site shall include the internationally accepted hazard indicators (e.g. biohazard, fire, radioactivity) and other relevant statutory signs Laboratory security Laboratory entrances shall have lockable doors. These door locks shall not prevent exit in an emergency. Laboratory access shall be restricted to authorized personnel. Locks may be required for internal doors, to restrict entry while high-risk samples are being examined. Additional security measures, such as lockable doors, locked freezers, limited access to specific personnel, etc., may be required when storing high-risk samples, cultures, chemical reagents or supplies. The threat of theft and tampering with biological agents, samples, drugs, chemicals and confidential information should be assessed, and appropriate steps taken to prevent these acts from happening. 7 Staffing, procedures, documentation, inspection and records 7.1 Laboratory Safety Officer An appropriately qualified and experienced Laboratory Safety Officer shall be designated to assist the managers with safety issues. This person shall develop, maintain and monitor an effective laboratory safety programme. An effective laboratory safety programme should include education, orientation and training, audit and evaluation, and programmes to promote safe laboratory practice. The Laboratory Safety Officer shall be authorized to stop activities that are unsafe. If there is a Safety Committee, the Laboratory Safety Officer shall be at least an ex officio member of this Committee, if not its chairholder. 7.2 Procedures The standard operating procedures for the laboratory shall include detailed instructions concerning any hazards involved and how to carry out the procedure with minimum risk. Procedures shall be reviewed and updated at least annually by the management representative responsible for the work place activity. A written plan, including protocols for hazard communication, shall be developed. The plan shall include the following: 9

14 a) arrangements for visitors/contractors; b) staff health surveillance; c) arrangements for risk assessments to be carried out, findings recorded, and action to be taken; d) procedures for monitoring inventory for identification of chemical and other hazardous materials, including appropriate labelling requirements, and safe storage and disposal; e) procedures for safe practices in handling hazardous materials; f) procedures to prevent theft of high risk/contaminated materials; g) methods for identifying training needs and documentation; h) procedures for obtaining, maintaining and distributing Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all materials used (to ensure that employees have 24-h access to this information); i) procedures for the safe decontamination and maintenance of equipment; j) emergency procedures including spillage protocols (see Annex A on action plans and Annex C on decontamination of spills); k) incident recording/reporting and investigation; and l) disposal of clinical waste. 7.3 Safety programme audits and inspection Safety programme audits The safety programme shall be audited and reviewed at least annually (by appropriately trained personnel) including, but not limited to, the following elements: a) safety and health policy; b) written work procedures that include safe work practices; c) education and training of laboratory-associated staff; d) supervision of workers; e) regular inspections; f) hazardous materials and substances; g) health surveillance; h) first aid services and equipment; i) investigation of accidents and illnesses; j) health and safety committee review; k) records and statistics; l) review of safety programme with requirement for follow-up to ensure that all required actions arising from the audit are completed. NOTE Checklists, tailored to the area to be surveyed, are effective aids to auditing (see Annex B on conducting a laboratory safety audit). 10

15 7.3.2 Safety inspection Laboratory management is responsible for ensuring that safety inspections are undertaken. Work sites shall be surveyed/inspected at least annually. This is to ensure a) the proper state of readiness and function of fire emergency apparatus, alarms and evacuation procedures, b) the status of procedures and materials for hazardous spillage containment, including emergency showers, c) the proper containment and control for the storage of flammable and combustible, infective, radioactive, toxic materials, and d) the status of decontamination and disposal procedures. It is good practice for the safety committee to participate in safety surveys. Regular safety inspections also serve to remind all personnel of potential hazards, ensure compliance and reinforce supervisor responsibility. 7.4 Safety manual A safety manual shall be readily available in work areas as required reading for all employees. The manual shall be specific for the laboratory's needs including, but not limited to, the following major categories: a) fire prevention; b) electrical safety; c) chemical safety; d) radiation; e) microbiological hazards; and f) hazardous waste disposal. The safety manual shall include detailed instructions for workplace evacuation and the protocol for dealing with an incident (see Annex A for more information on action plans). The Safety Manual shall be reviewed and updated at least annually by laboratory management. Other information sources available in the laboratory shall include, but shall not be limited to, MSDS on all chemicals and agents handled in the laboratory and other reference materials including texts and authoritative journal articles. 7.5 Records General Records shall be kept in accordance with ISO It should be noted that international, national or regional regulations or guidelines may apply Occupational illness, injury, and adverse incident records There shall be a mechanism for recording and reporting occupational illness, injury, adverse incidents or accidents, and consequential actions, while at the same time respecting the confidentiality of individuals. Personnel training records shall be kept. They should include dates of safety orientation and annual updates of safety preparedness for each employee. 11

16 7.5.3 Risk assessment records There shall be a formalized system of risk assessment. In addition to any formal workplace risk assessments that may be required, a safety checklist can be a satisfactory way to record and document the review programme (see 7.3). NOTE Records of safety audits and examination of trends of incidents can provide mechanisms that help to ensure remedial actions are taken Hazardous waste records Hazardous waste disposal records shall be an integral part of the safety programme. Records of hazardous waste disposal, risk assessments, safety surveys and consequential actions shall be retained in an accessible file for the period of time required by national or local legislation. 8 Identification of hazards Hazardous areas shall be systematically and clearly identified, and be appropriate to the hazard concerned. In certain circumstances, it may be appropriate to identify the hazardous area using both signs and physical barriers. Specific hazardous materials to be used within the laboratory or laboratory units shall be clearly identified. All entrances and exits to work areas shall be marked as to the hazards present within. Special attention shall be paid to fire hazards and flammable materials, and to toxic, radioactive, harmful or biologically hazardous materials. Laboratory managers are responsible for regularly reviewing and updating this hazard-identification system to ensure its relevance to the hazards known to be present. This activity shall be carried out at least annually. Maintenance personnel who are not part of the laboratory staff, contractors and subcontractors shall be made aware of any hazards they may encounter. Employees shall be trained, familiar with, and have specific written instructions concerning emergency procedures. Identification and review of the potential hazards to the health of pregnant women shall be undertaken. A risk assessment shall be carried out and recorded. 9 Reporting of incidents, injury, accidents and occupational illnesses The laboratory shall have a programme for reporting laboratory incidents, injuries, accidents and occupational illnesses, as well as potential hazards. Reports shall be filed for all incidents, including injuries, and shall include a detailed description of the incident, an assessment of the cause, recommendations for preventing similar incidents, and actions taken to implement the recommendations. Incident reports, including remedial actions, shall be reviewed by a senior manager, the safety committee or the Laboratory Safety Officer. 10 Training The laboratory director shall ensure that worker safety training programmes are implemented for all laboratory-associated personnel, including transport and cleaning staff. Training in safe work practices should be emphasized. 12

17 A comprehensive training programme begins with a written plan, and should include an introduction for new employees as well as periodic retraining for experienced employees. Employees shall be required to read the appropriate safety manual before beginning to work in an area. Confirmation in writing should be obtained from the staff member that they have received appropriate training and that safety manuals have been read and understood, including the dates when these were carried out. At a minimum, a safety training programme shall address fire prevention and preparedness, chemical and radiation safety, and biological hazards and infection prevention. The curriculum should be tailored according to the employee s job description, and should include appropriate considerations for conditions such as pregnancy, immunodeficiency and physical disability. There should be a system for evaluating each employee s understanding of the information given to them. 11 Personnel responsibilities 11.1 Food, drink and like substances Food, drink, and like substances shall be allowed only in areas designated for their preparation and consumption. Food and drink for consumption shall be stored only in specifically designated refrigerators located in nonlaboratory areas. Food shall not be stored where reagents, blood or other potentially infectious material are stored. Refrigerators shall be appropriately labelled to indicate their intended use. Smoking shall be prohibited in the technical work area Cosmetics, hair, beards and jewellery Application of cosmetics and the handling of contact lenses shall be prohibited in technical work areas. Long hair shall be secured back. It is important to keep hair out of moving equipment. Men with beards shall observe the same precautions provided for hair. Rings, earrings, wristwatches, bracelets, necklaces and other jewellery shall not be worn in laboratory technical areas if there is any danger of them being caught in equipment or contaminated by infectious substances or chemicals. NOTE 1 NOTE 2 Hand creams may be used. Disposable hair- and beard-covers may be used Immunization status All laboratory workers should be strongly encouraged to have immunizations to prevent infections associated with organisms to which the person is likely to be exposed. All personnel working with or handling human blood, sera, body fluids or human tissue should be offered hepatitis B vaccine. Records of immunizations should be kept in accordance with national, regional and local requirements. The immunization programme for a given laboratory should be based upon a documented laboratory infectionrisk assessment, and on advice from local public health officials. International, national or regional regulations or guidelines may apply. NOTE Many laboratory-acquired infectious diseases can be effectively prevented through an active immunization programme. The selection of vaccines for use can vary, based upon the potential hazards of the institution or setting. 13

18 11.4 Personal property Personal property, clothing and cosmetics shall not be placed in designated areas where contamination can occur. Secure storage such as lockers should be provided Festive decorations Festive and other decorations that present potential contamination and/or fire hazards shall not be used in technical work areas. Decorations should never be attached to lights, light fixtures or technical instruments. 12 Clothing and personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, eye, face, foot and respiratory protection 12.1 Protective clothing in the laboratory The laboratory shall ensure that an ample supply of clean protective clothing (e.g. coats and gowns), appropriate to the level of risk, is available for those working in or visiting within the laboratory. When not in use, clean protective clothing shall only be hung on hooks provided for that purpose. These hooks shall be away from radiators, steam pipes, heating instruments, and open flames. Contaminated protective clothing should be placed and transported in appropriately identified bags that prevent leakage. They should be appropriately washed to ensure chemical and biological decontamination. Protective clothing shall be changed at appropriate intervals to ensure cleanliness and shall be changed immediately if it is known to be contaminated with hazardous materials. Protective clothing shall be removed before leaving the laboratory area. NOTE Disposable plastic aprons or fluid-resistant gowns can be required if there is a significant probability that potentially hazardous substances will be splashed on the worker or visitor. Other personal protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, masks, capes and face shields may also be required in these situations Protective clothing outside the laboratory Phlebotomists and other workers whose duties take them out of the laboratory shall be required to wear clean coats or gowns while working with patients Face and body protection Splash guards or similar devices shall be available for use if there is the potential for splashing of samples or reagents to occur. Aerosol-generating procedures performed on samples potentially containing microorganisms should be performed within a microbiological safety cabinet. Approved safety glasses, facial shields or other eye and face protection shall be available to be worn when handling hazardous materials. Contact lenses offer no protection from splashes. Additional eye protection shall be worn with contact lenses Gloves Gloves shall be available for use in laboratory operations to provide protection from chemicals, biological hazards, radioactive contamination, cold and heat, product contamination, sharp edges and abrasions. 14

19 Gloves shall meet comfort, fit, flexibility, grip, abrasion resistance, puncture resistance and tear resistance requirements for the type of manipulation performed, and shall adequately protect from the hazards involved. Laboratories shall provide unpowdered gloves and/or alternative materials for workers who suffer from allergies and other reactions, e.g. reaction to natural latex, talc, starch or vinyl. Laboratory workers shall be trained in glove selection, fitting and removal before and after appropriate use. Gloves should be a) inspected for leakage before wearing, b) worn to completely cover the hands and wrists and, where appropriate, overlap the laboratory gown or coat sleeve. c) replaced if torn, damaged, or if internal contamination is suspected, and d) use of gloves should be task-specific, i.e. they are only to be used during contact with potentially contaminated material and are to be removed and disposed of in accordance with local safe practices when the task is completed or interrupted. Soiled gloves shall be removed before handling reference materials, telephones, keyboards, etc Footwear Footwear shall be comfortable, with nonslip soles. Open-toed sandals are inappropriate as laboratory footwear. Leather or synthetic, fluid-impermeable footwear is recommended. Disposable, fluid-resistant shoe covers may be worn for jobs where splashing is anticipated. For routine work in the laboratory, flat ergonomically comfortable shoes are recommended. NOTE 1 Special footwear (e.g. disposable or rubberized boots) may be required for specific laboratory areas including high infection containment facilities. NOTE 2 Approved safety shoes may be required for work with bulk chemicals, during hazardous activities, or in histopathology areas where knives or other sharp instruments are regularly used Respiratory protection Where respiratory protection devices (e.g. masks, personal respirators) are required for use during a technical activity, instructions on their use and maintenance shall be included in the text of the safe operating procedure for that activity. Respirators shall be used only in accordance with instructions and training. Arrangements should also be made for workplace monitoring, medical evaluation, and for respirator users' supervision to ensure the equipment is being used correctly. Respirators may require individual-fit testing. Personnel with beards cannot be fully protected by respirators Handwashing Laboratory workers shall wash hands immediately after actual or possible contact with blood, body fluids or other contaminating materials, even if gloves have been worn. Hands should be routinely washed after removing gloves, before and after using the toilet, before leaving the laboratory, before eating or smoking, and before and after contact with each patient. All personnel working in or visiting the laboratory shall wash hands whenever they have been contaminated, as well as at all times prior to leaving the technical area. Laboratories should provide alternative materials for handwashing for workers who suffer from allergies or other reactions to specific compounds contained in certain antiseptic agents. Hypoallergenic skin lotion should be provided at all wash stations. 15

20 Sinks for handwashing should not be used for disposal of blood and body fluids. NOTE In locations where access to handwashing sinks is limited, use of alcohol-based waterless hand-cleansing products are an acceptable alternative to traditional handwashing Training The laboratory shall ensure that there are personnel trained in first aid. Materials and procedures shall be provided to mitigate adverse effects and incidents occurring to people within the laboratory involving chemical, toxic or potentially infectious materials. There shall also be guidelines for the treatment and, where required, immediate emergency medical attention consistent with the hazards likely to be experienced within the laboratory. All staff should be familiar with the procedures to be taken following needlestick injuries. NOTE See Annex B for general and specific guidelines for management of first aid Equipment The laboratory director shall ensure that, at a minimum, the following facilities for first-aid and emergency procedures are available within the laboratory: a) a first aid box; b) first aid equipment; c) eye irrigation equipment; d) antidotes to poisonous chemicals used in the laboratory, and instructions for their use; e) protective clothing and safety equipment for the person rendering first-aid; and f) provision for summoning medical assistance and prompt transfer to a hospital when required Eyewash stations Eyewash stations shall be conveniently located wherever acids, caustics, corrosives and other hazardous chemicals or hazardous biological materials are in use, or where work with radioactive materials is undertaken. These eyewash stations shall be of an approved fixed design or be a simple, approved spray-type device attached to the water, or isotonic saline supply by a flexible hose. Simple spray devices with ample supply of easy-open containers of sterile water are an acceptable alternative in facilities where the risk of splashes exists and access to plumbing is not available. Devices attached to the water supply should be tested each week to ensure proper functioning and to flush out stagnant water Emergency showers Emergency showers shall be available and convenient to the location where caustic and corrosive chemicals are used. These devices should be tested periodically for proper function. The number of such emergency showers depends on the complexity and extent of the laboratory. Comfortable water temperatures should be provided where possible. Floor drains should normally be provided in proximity to such emergency showers. NOTE In specific laboratory facilities, including high-level containment facilities, floor drains can compromise containment and thus their installation may be inappropriate. 16

21 13 Good housekeeping practices A person shall be designated to oversee good housekeeping practices. The laboratory shall designate technical areas as either clean or contaminated. Work areas shall be kept tidy and uncluttered at all times. Storage of large amounts of disposable materials that may result in obstruction and trip hazards in the workplace should be prohibited. All equipment and work surfaces that are used for processing contaminated materials shall be cleaned and disinfected with appropriate agents at the end of each working shift and whenever spills or other contamination has occurred. All spills of samples, chemicals, radionuclides, or cultures shall be cleaned up and the area decontaminated after risk assessment (see Annex C on decontamination of spills). Approved safety precautions, safe methods, and personal protective equipment shall be used during clean-up. Changes in housekeeping practices or materials shall be communicated with the laboratory director to ensure that unintended risks or hazards can be avoided. Changes in laboratory practices, working habits, or materials that may result in potential hazards to housekeeping and/or maintenance staff shall similarly be communicated with the laboratory director and in writing to the managers of the housekeeping and maintenance staff. Some incidents of spillage may require the immediate evacuation of all personnel from the area. The impact of these spills may be affected by both the amount and nature of the agent concerned. The Safety Manual protocol for dealing with such events should be utilised (see Annex A for more information on developing action plans for spills). Specific protocols shall be established for the decontamination, cleaning, and disinfection of each piece of equipment in case of accidents or spills that result in biological, chemical, or radioactive contamination, and also prior to equipment being serviced or repaired (see Annex C for more information on decontamination, cleaning and disinfection of equipment). NOTE Appropriate personal protective equipment may be required during the cleaning procedure. 14 Safe work practices 14.1 Safe work practices with all material of biological origin In all medical laboratories, the policies and procedures for handling, examination and disposal of material of biological origin shall utilise good microbiology practice standards. Work practices shall be such as to reduce the risk of contamination. Work practices in contaminated areas shall be implemented such as to prevent personal exposure. All potentially infectious or toxic quality control and reference materials shall be stored, handled and used with the same degree of caution that would be appropriate to samples of an unknown risk. NOTE 1 Many such products are made from pooled material from multiple sources. If samples are damaged or leaking upon receipt, they shall be opened by trained persons wearing appropriate personal protective equipment in order to avoid spillage or aerosols. Such containers should be opened in a microbiological safety cabinet. If contamination is excessive, or the sample is considered unacceptably compromised, it should be safely discarded without being opened. The sender should be informed immediately. 17

22 Mouth pipetting shall be prohibited. Laboratory workers shall be trained in safe handling and use of sharp instruments and devices. Sharps, including used needles, shall not be sheared, bent, broken, recapped or resheathed by hand, or manually removed from syringes. Reviews of working practices should include the objective to reduce the use of sharps wherever possible. Sharp objects for disposal, including needles, glass and disposable scalpels shall be placed in punctureresistant containers immediately after use. National, regional or local regulations may apply. Sharp containers should not be filled to more than two-thirds of their capacity before replacement. Safe disposal of the used containers and their contents should be in accordance with local guidelines. National, regional or local regulations may apply. NOTE 2 Special conditions can apply to certain blood collection systems Special requirements for working in microbiology laboratories These requirements should normally be applied to other medical laboratory disciplines whenever practicable. All samples, cultures and waste shall be assumed to contain viable biological agents that can be associated with transmission of infectious disease, and shall be handled in a safe manner. All potentially infectious or toxic quality control and reference materials shall be stored, handled and used with the same degree of caution that would be appropriate to samples of an unknown risk. Gowns may be worn at all times while working with samples, serum or cultures. Gowns should be closed at the front and neck, and have long sleeves with cuffs. Preferably, gowns should be made of moisture-resistant materials. Gloves shall be worn as a barrier precaution to prevent contamination of hands while handling samples and cultures. However, gloves should be removed at the completion of work to avoid contaminating the workspace. Wearing gloves shall not be considered as an alternative to thorough handwashing (see 12.7). Hands should always be thoroughly washed when gloves are removed. Electronic incineration devices preferably should be used for microbiological loop sterilization. 15 Aerosols Laboratory work practices shall be designed and undertaken in such a way as to reduce the possibility of personal contact with harmful aerosols, whether of chemical or biological origin. Samples should be centrifuged only in safety-capped enclosures. All samples being vortex-agitated should be contained in containers with lids. The use of localized air containment for large pieces of analytical equipment that could generate aerosols, and the use of custom-built extraction hoods to handle small apparatus manipulation is strongly recommended. Localized air extraction is essential where harmful chemical fumes may be present. 18

23 16 Microbiological safety cabinets, chemical safety hoods and cabinets มอก Where laboratory staff works with samples of Risk Groups I and II, recirculation of air from biological safety cabinets is permitted, provided the air is passed through high efficiency (HEPA) filters before being discharged. Where laboratories work with cultures that may contain microorganisms of Risk Group III or above, recycling of air shall be prohibited. In some jurisdictions, double HEPA filters are required. Biological safety cabinets and chemical safety hoods shall be installed and certified annually by a competent individual. Biological safety cabinets shall be frequently monitored to ensure that they function as designed. Records shall be kept of the inspection and any functionality testing results. Proof of inspection should be indicated by a certification label displayed on the cabinet. The location, design and type of biological safety cabinet utilized shall be appropriate to the level of risk containment required for safe working. All biological safety cabinets shall be used in such a manner as to avoid compromising the cabinet s function. Venting of biological safety cabinets, chemical safety hoods and cabinets shall be appropriate to the microbiological and/or chemical risk and be consistent with safety requirements. 17 Chemical safety 17.1 Measures to avoid chemical contamination In all medical laboratories, the policies and procedures for storage, handling, use and disposal of chemicals shall always be in accordance with good chemistry laboratory practice standards. The nature and risk of hazards concerning each product shall be marked on every stock container, in compliance with International Standards, as well as in clear, unambiguous labelling of containers of in-use products. There shall be adequate control measures available for chemical, physical and fire hazards. These controls shall be routinely monitored to ensure their effectiveness. Records of the results of the monitoring process shall be maintained. Hazardous liquids, such as acids or alkalis, shall be stored below eye level. Large containers shall be securely stored near the floor, but at a height that allows for safe ergonomic handling. Appropriate facilities complying with national, regional or local requirements shall be provided for the safe handling, storage and use of compressed gases and cryogenic materials. Securing devices (e.g. chain and shelving lips) shall be installed to prevent unintended movement of gas cylinders, reagents or glassware. All personnel shall be required to work according to safe operating protocols, including the use of safety equipment or devices that have been deemed appropriate for the task(s) undertaken. Appropriate protective clothing shall be worn at all times by all personnel within analytical areas, supplemented by appropriate personal protective equipment when indicated by the nature of the activity being undertaken (see Clause 12). 19

24 17.2 Emergency measures applicable when chemical contamination has occurred Eyewash facilities shall be provided in all analytical areas where there is potential for eye damage due to chemical contamination. Where the nature of the chemical hazard is such that there may be a risk of gross body contamination, drench showers shall be provided (see 12.11). Suitable chemical spill measures shall be provided, including neutralizing agents, spill containment, and absorbents appropriate for the chemicals used in the workplace Discarded chemicals There shall be a clear written procedure for the discarding and safe disposal of every chemical product used in the laboratory. This shall include sufficient details of the local regulatory process to enable full compliance with the mechanisms through which such materials can be safely and legally released from the laboratory's control. 18 Radiation safety 18.1 Radionuclides The Laboratory Director shall assess the justification for, extent of, and location of proposed use before permitting work with radionuclides. The laboratory shall keep adequate records of radionuclide acquisition, use and disposal. All radiochemicals shall be safely and securely stored. All laboratory personnel who work with or have exposure to radionuclides shall be instructed and trained in radiation-based and associated techniques and in radiation protection, and shall comply with radiation safety policies and procedures. The laboratory shall have written standard operating procedures and local rules appropriate and sufficient for the work. These procedures shall include clear instructions, a summary of which shall be displayed prominently in the workplace where radionuclides may be used, detailing the actions to be taken to deal with radiation accidents and spills. The procedures shall detail methods of safe disposal of unused radioactive materials and materials that have been mixed with or contaminated by radioactive materials. Appropriate approved warning and prohibition signage shall be displayed. In addition to national, regional, and local regulations, reference should be made to [11] Radiation protection advisors, officers, and supervisors Where work with radionuclides is undertaken, the laboratory shall seek the advice of the local authorized Radiation Protection Advisor (RPA) on radiation protection practice and legislative requirements, and institute appropriate measures to enable compliance with the advice received, including any required laboratory design and equipment standards. The laboratory shall appoint a Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) who shall report to the RPA. The RPO shall have particular responsibilities for the design of the operational radiation protection programme, its implementation, and maintenance. 20

25 The Radiation Protection Officer should report managerially to the Laboratory Director and professionally to the Radiation Protection Adviser. The laboratory shall appoint Radiation Protection Supervisors (RPSs) to supervise day-to-day work with ionizing radiation to ensure the use of good radiation practice. The RPSs report to the laboratory RPO. Local rules shall dictate the availability, roles and responsibilities of the RPA, RPO and RPSs. The formation of a Radiation Safety Committee is strongly recommended where this is not already a statutory requirement. NOTE 1 The Radiation Protection Adviser is a suitably qualified person often occupying a post of equivalent standing to that of the laboratory director. Information and advice is shared on an expert consultancy basis. NOTE 2 Other jurisdictions may refer to the position of RPA by another title Workplace monitoring A programme of systematic monitoring shall be established to ensure that comprehensive and frequent monitoring of the workplace is undertaken. Monitoring records shall be maintained. A protocol for routine cleaning and decontamination shall be designed and adopted. The use of radionuclides shall be regularly reviewed, work practices frequently monitored and modified as dictated by the RPA and RPO. Remedial action or procedural changes shall be recorded and held for the period of time dictated by statute or locally agreed rules. Radioactive waste shall be labelled and held in a secure and radiation-protected store dedicated for this sole purpose, in such a way that there are clear indications of the nature and level of risk in each discarded package. Storage and disposal shall be determined by legislation and local rules UV and laser light sources (including light from high-intensity sources) Wherever UV and laser light sources are used, suitable and adequate personal protective equipment shall be provided, appropriate approved signs displayed, and training provided for the safe use of equipment. These light sources shall be used only for their designed purpose. Housing for such light sources should be opened only by maintenance staff qualified to service such equipment Microwave equipment Microwave equipment shall be regularly inspected, monitored and serviced to ensure that performance and safety standards are maintained. Where high-powered microwave and radiowave devices merit additional precautions, they should include extra shields and protective covers. The possibility of interference with the performance of other pieces of equipment should be considered when locating such devices. Signs should be posted to warn of the effects such devices can have on people wearing pacemakers. Personnel who have pacemakers fitted should be prohibited from the immediate location of high-powered microwave and radiowave devices. Flammable substances shall not be placed in microwave equipment. 21